A REVIEW OF UPDATES ON VACCINES AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR COVID19

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).01      10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).01      Published : Dec 2
Authored by : Naiha Tahir , Ayema Rehman , Muhammad Zain , Mubashir Rehman

01 Pages : 1-9

References

  • Beigel, J., Tomashek, K., Dodd, L., Mehta, A., Zingman, B., Kalil, A., Hohmann, E., Chu, H., Luetkemeyer, A., Kline, S., Lopez de Castilla, D., Finberg, R., Dierberg, K., Tapson, V., Hsieh, L., Patterson, T., Paredes, R., Sweeney, D., Short, W., Touloumi, G., Lye, D., Ohmagari, N., Oh, M., Ruiz-Palacios, G., Benfield, T., Fätkenheuer, G., Kortepeter, M., Atmar, R., Creech, C., Lundgren, J., Babiker, A., Pett, S., Neaton, J., Burgess, T., Bonnett, T., Green, M., M
  • Bellingan, G., Jacono, F., Bannard-Smith, J., Brealey, D., Meyer, N., Thickett, D., Young, D., Bentley, A., McVerry, B., Wunderink, R., Doerschug, K., Summers, C., Rojas, M., Jenkins, E. and Ting, A., 2019. Primary Analysis of a Phase 1/2 Study to Assess MultiStem® Cell Therapy, a Regenerative Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP), in acute respiratory distress syndrome (MUST-ARDS). B14. Late breaking clinical trials.
  • Chumakov, K., Benn, C., Aaby, P., Kottilil, S. and Gallo, R., 2020. Can existing live vaccines prevent COVID-19? Science, 368(6496), pp.1187-1188.
  • Clinicaltrials.gov. 2021. A Phase II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Recombinant Vaccine For COVID- 19 (Adenovirus Vector) - Full Text View - Clinicaltrials.Gov. [online] Available at:
  • Clinicaltrials.gov. 2021. BCG Vaccination for Healthcare Workers In COVID-19 Pandemic - Full Text View - Clinicaltrials.Gov. [online] Available at:
  • Fotin-Mleczek, M., Duchardt, K., Lorenz, C., Pfeiffer, R., Ojkić-Zrna, S., Probst, J. and Kallen, K., 2011. Messenger RNA-based Vaccines with Dual Activity Induce Balanced TLR-7 Dependent Adaptive Immune Responses and Provide Antitumor Activity. Journal of Immunotherapy, 34(1), pp.1-15.
  • Gibson, P., Qin, L. and Puah, S., 2020. COVID -19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): clinical features and differences from typical pre- COVID -19 ARDS. Medical Journal of Australia, 213(2), p.54-56.
  • Hassan, S., Sheikh, F., Jamal, S., Ezeh, J. and Akhtar, A., 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus, 12(3), p.7355.
  • Ivashchenko, A. A., Dmitriev, K. A., Vostokova, N. V., Azarova, V. N., Blinow, A. A., Egorova, A. N., Gordeev, I. G., Ilin, A. P., Karapetian, R. N., Kravchenko, D. V., Lomakin, N. V., Merkulova, E. A., Papazova, N. A., Pavlikova, E. P., Savchuk, N. P., Simakina, E. N., Sitdekov, T. A., Smolyarchuk, E. A., Tikhomolova, E. G., Yakubova, E. V., ... Ivachtchenko, A. V. (2020). AVIFAVIR for Treatment of Patients with Moderate COVID-19: Interim Results of a Phase II/III Mult
  • Khuroo, M., 2020. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction, and the hype: a critical appraisal. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56(3), p.106101.
  • Le, B., Kuriki, M., Phan, Q. and Taylor, N., 2019. An empirical analysis on measured ground surface settlement induced by TBM tunnelling in Ho Chi Minh city. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, pp.305-312.
  • Leng, Z., Zhu, R., Hou, W., Feng, Y., Yang, Y., Han, Q., Shan, G., Meng, F., Du, D., Wang, S., Fan, J., Wang, W., Deng, L., Shi, H., Li, H., Hu, Z., Zhang, F., Gao, J., Liu, H., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Yin, K., He, X., Gao, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, B., Jin, R., Stambler, I., Lim, L., Su, H., Moskalev, A., Cano, A., Chakrabarti, S., Min, K., Ellison-Hughes, G., Caruso, C., Jin, K. and Zhao, R., 2020. Transplantation of ACE2- Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves the Outcome of Patients
  • Li, T., Lu, H. and Zhang, W., 2020. Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), pp.687-690.
  • Little, P., 2020. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and covid-19. BMJ, p.m1185.
  • Marovich, M., Mascola, J. R. & Cohen, M. S., 2020. Monoclonal Antibodies for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19. JAMA, 324(2), p. 131.
  • Mulangu, S., Dodd, L., Davey, R., Tshiani Mbaya, O., Proschan, M., Mukadi, D., Lusakibanza Manzo, M., Nzolo, D., Tshomba Oloma, A., Ibanda, A., Ali, R., Coulibaly, S., Levine, A., Grais, R., Diaz, J., Lane, H., Muyembe-Tamfum, J. and the PALM Writing Group, 2019. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(24), pp.2293-2303.
  • Mulligan, M., Lyke, K., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Raabe, V., Bailey, R., Swanson, K., Li, P., Koury, K., Kalina, W., Cooper, D., Fonter-Garfias, C., Shi, P., Tuereci, O., Tompkins, K., Walsh, E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A., Dormitzer, P., Gruber, W., Sahin, U. and Jansen, K., 2020. Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report.
  • Pardi, N., Tuyishime, S., Muramatsu, H., Kariko, K., Mui, B., Tam, Y., Madden, T., Hope, M. and Weissman, D., 2015. Expression kinetics of nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered in lipid nanoparticles to mice by various routes. Journal of Controlled Release, 217, pp.345-351.
  • Oestereich, L., Lüdtke, A., Wurr, S., Rieger, T., Muñoz-Fontela, C. and Günther, S., 2014. Successful treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection with T-705 (favipiravir) in a small animal model. Antiviral Research, 105, pp.17- 21.
  • Pardi, N., Hogan, M., Pelc, R., Muramatsu, H., Andersen, H., DeMaso, C., Dowd, K., Sutherland, L., Scearce, R., Parks, R., Wagner, W., Granados, A., Greenhouse, J., Walker, M., Willis, E., Yu, J., McGee, C., Sempowski, G., Mui, B., Tam, Y., Huang, Y., Vanlandingham, D., Holmes, V., Balachandran, H., Sahu, S., Lifton, M., Higgs, S., Hensley, S., Madden, T., Hope, M., Karikó, K., Santra, S., Graham, B., Lewis, M., Pierson, T., Haynes, B. and Weissman, D., 2017. Zika vi
  • Pardi, N., Hogan, M., Porter, F. and Weissman, D., 2018. mRNA vaccines ' a new era in vaccinology. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 17(4), pp.261-279.
  • Pascarella, G., Strumia, A., Piliego, C., Bruno, F., Del Buono, R., Costa, F., Scarlata, S. and Agrò, F., 2020. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. Journal of Internal Medicine, 288(2), pp.192-206.
  • Petsch, B., Schnee, M., Vogel, A., Lange, E., Hoffmann, B., Voss, D., Schlake, T., Thess, A., Kallen, K., Stitz, L. and Kramps, T., 2012. Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection. Nature Biotechnology, 30(12), pp.1210-1216.
  • Polack, F., Thomas, S., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E., Zerbini, C., Bailey, R., Swanson, K., Roychoudhury, S., Koury, K., Li, P., Kalina, W., Cooper, D., Frenck, R., Hammitt, L., Türeci, Ö., Nell, H., Schaefer, A., Ünal, S., Tresnan, D., Mather, S., Dormitzer, P., Şahin, U., Jansen, K. and Gruber, W., 2020. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. New England Journal of Medic
  • Pollard, A., Finn, A. and Curtis, N., 2017. Non- specific effects of vaccines: plausible and potentially important, but implications uncertain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102(11), pp.1077-1081.
  • Rettig, L., Haen, S., Bittermann, A., von Boehmer, L., Curioni, A., Krämer, S., Knuth, A. and Pascolo, S., 2010. Particle size and activation threshold: a new dimension of danger signaling. Blood, 115(22), pp.4533-4541.
  • Sheahan, T., Sims, A., Leist, S., Schäfer, A., Won, J., Brown, A., Montgomery, S., Hogg, A., Babusis, D., Clarke, M., Spahn, J., Bauer, L., Sellers, S., Porter, D., Feng, J., Cihlar, T., Jordan, R., Denison, M. and Baric, R., 2020. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nature Communications, 11(1), p.222.
  • Tanne, J., 2020. Covid-19: FDA panel votes to authorise Pfizer BioNTech vaccine. BMJ, p.m4799
  • Ura, T., Okuda, K. and Shimada, M., 2014. Developments in Viral Vector-Based Vaccines. Vaccines, 2(3), pp.624-641.
  • Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., Xu, M., Shi, Z., Hu, Z., Zhong, W. and Xiao, G., 2020. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research, 30(3), pp.269-271.
  • Who. int. 2021. Draft Landscape Of COVID-19 Candidate Vaccines. [online] Available at: [Accessed 7 January 2021]. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draf t-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines
  • Yamamura, H., Matsuura, H., Nakagawa, J., Fukuoka, H., Domi, H. and Chujoh, S., 2020. Effect of favipiravir and an anti-inflammatory strategy for COVID-19. Critical Care, 24(1), p.413.
  • Ye, M., Fu, D., Ren, Y., Wang, F., Wang, D., Zhang, F., Xia, X. and Lv, T., 2020. Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10), pp.1890-1901.
  • Yilmaz, H., Güner, E. and Altuntas, M., 2020. Results of Favipiravir Combined Treatment in Intensive Care Patients with Covid-19.
  • Zhu, F., Li, Y., Guan, X., Hou, L., Wang, W., Li, J., Wu, S., Wang, B., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Jia, S., Jiang, H., Wang, L., Jiang, T., Hu, Y., Gou, J., Xu, S., Xu, J., Wang, X., Wang, W. and Chen, W., 2020. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open- label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. The Lancet, 395(10240), pp.1845-1854.

References

  • Beigel, J., Tomashek, K., Dodd, L., Mehta, A., Zingman, B., Kalil, A., Hohmann, E., Chu, H., Luetkemeyer, A., Kline, S., Lopez de Castilla, D., Finberg, R., Dierberg, K., Tapson, V., Hsieh, L., Patterson, T., Paredes, R., Sweeney, D., Short, W., Touloumi, G., Lye, D., Ohmagari, N., Oh, M., Ruiz-Palacios, G., Benfield, T., Fätkenheuer, G., Kortepeter, M., Atmar, R., Creech, C., Lundgren, J., Babiker, A., Pett, S., Neaton, J., Burgess, T., Bonnett, T., Green, M., M
  • Bellingan, G., Jacono, F., Bannard-Smith, J., Brealey, D., Meyer, N., Thickett, D., Young, D., Bentley, A., McVerry, B., Wunderink, R., Doerschug, K., Summers, C., Rojas, M., Jenkins, E. and Ting, A., 2019. Primary Analysis of a Phase 1/2 Study to Assess MultiStem® Cell Therapy, a Regenerative Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP), in acute respiratory distress syndrome (MUST-ARDS). B14. Late breaking clinical trials.
  • Chumakov, K., Benn, C., Aaby, P., Kottilil, S. and Gallo, R., 2020. Can existing live vaccines prevent COVID-19? Science, 368(6496), pp.1187-1188.
  • Clinicaltrials.gov. 2021. A Phase II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Recombinant Vaccine For COVID- 19 (Adenovirus Vector) - Full Text View - Clinicaltrials.Gov. [online] Available at:
  • Clinicaltrials.gov. 2021. BCG Vaccination for Healthcare Workers In COVID-19 Pandemic - Full Text View - Clinicaltrials.Gov. [online] Available at:
  • Fotin-Mleczek, M., Duchardt, K., Lorenz, C., Pfeiffer, R., Ojkić-Zrna, S., Probst, J. and Kallen, K., 2011. Messenger RNA-based Vaccines with Dual Activity Induce Balanced TLR-7 Dependent Adaptive Immune Responses and Provide Antitumor Activity. Journal of Immunotherapy, 34(1), pp.1-15.
  • Gibson, P., Qin, L. and Puah, S., 2020. COVID -19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): clinical features and differences from typical pre- COVID -19 ARDS. Medical Journal of Australia, 213(2), p.54-56.
  • Hassan, S., Sheikh, F., Jamal, S., Ezeh, J. and Akhtar, A., 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus, 12(3), p.7355.
  • Ivashchenko, A. A., Dmitriev, K. A., Vostokova, N. V., Azarova, V. N., Blinow, A. A., Egorova, A. N., Gordeev, I. G., Ilin, A. P., Karapetian, R. N., Kravchenko, D. V., Lomakin, N. V., Merkulova, E. A., Papazova, N. A., Pavlikova, E. P., Savchuk, N. P., Simakina, E. N., Sitdekov, T. A., Smolyarchuk, E. A., Tikhomolova, E. G., Yakubova, E. V., ... Ivachtchenko, A. V. (2020). AVIFAVIR for Treatment of Patients with Moderate COVID-19: Interim Results of a Phase II/III Mult
  • Khuroo, M., 2020. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction, and the hype: a critical appraisal. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56(3), p.106101.
  • Le, B., Kuriki, M., Phan, Q. and Taylor, N., 2019. An empirical analysis on measured ground surface settlement induced by TBM tunnelling in Ho Chi Minh city. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, pp.305-312.
  • Leng, Z., Zhu, R., Hou, W., Feng, Y., Yang, Y., Han, Q., Shan, G., Meng, F., Du, D., Wang, S., Fan, J., Wang, W., Deng, L., Shi, H., Li, H., Hu, Z., Zhang, F., Gao, J., Liu, H., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Yin, K., He, X., Gao, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, B., Jin, R., Stambler, I., Lim, L., Su, H., Moskalev, A., Cano, A., Chakrabarti, S., Min, K., Ellison-Hughes, G., Caruso, C., Jin, K. and Zhao, R., 2020. Transplantation of ACE2- Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves the Outcome of Patients
  • Li, T., Lu, H. and Zhang, W., 2020. Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), pp.687-690.
  • Little, P., 2020. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and covid-19. BMJ, p.m1185.
  • Marovich, M., Mascola, J. R. & Cohen, M. S., 2020. Monoclonal Antibodies for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19. JAMA, 324(2), p. 131.
  • Mulangu, S., Dodd, L., Davey, R., Tshiani Mbaya, O., Proschan, M., Mukadi, D., Lusakibanza Manzo, M., Nzolo, D., Tshomba Oloma, A., Ibanda, A., Ali, R., Coulibaly, S., Levine, A., Grais, R., Diaz, J., Lane, H., Muyembe-Tamfum, J. and the PALM Writing Group, 2019. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(24), pp.2293-2303.
  • Mulligan, M., Lyke, K., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Raabe, V., Bailey, R., Swanson, K., Li, P., Koury, K., Kalina, W., Cooper, D., Fonter-Garfias, C., Shi, P., Tuereci, O., Tompkins, K., Walsh, E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A., Dormitzer, P., Gruber, W., Sahin, U. and Jansen, K., 2020. Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report.
  • Pardi, N., Tuyishime, S., Muramatsu, H., Kariko, K., Mui, B., Tam, Y., Madden, T., Hope, M. and Weissman, D., 2015. Expression kinetics of nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered in lipid nanoparticles to mice by various routes. Journal of Controlled Release, 217, pp.345-351.
  • Oestereich, L., Lüdtke, A., Wurr, S., Rieger, T., Muñoz-Fontela, C. and Günther, S., 2014. Successful treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection with T-705 (favipiravir) in a small animal model. Antiviral Research, 105, pp.17- 21.
  • Pardi, N., Hogan, M., Pelc, R., Muramatsu, H., Andersen, H., DeMaso, C., Dowd, K., Sutherland, L., Scearce, R., Parks, R., Wagner, W., Granados, A., Greenhouse, J., Walker, M., Willis, E., Yu, J., McGee, C., Sempowski, G., Mui, B., Tam, Y., Huang, Y., Vanlandingham, D., Holmes, V., Balachandran, H., Sahu, S., Lifton, M., Higgs, S., Hensley, S., Madden, T., Hope, M., Karikó, K., Santra, S., Graham, B., Lewis, M., Pierson, T., Haynes, B. and Weissman, D., 2017. Zika vi
  • Pardi, N., Hogan, M., Porter, F. and Weissman, D., 2018. mRNA vaccines ' a new era in vaccinology. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 17(4), pp.261-279.
  • Pascarella, G., Strumia, A., Piliego, C., Bruno, F., Del Buono, R., Costa, F., Scarlata, S. and Agrò, F., 2020. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. Journal of Internal Medicine, 288(2), pp.192-206.
  • Petsch, B., Schnee, M., Vogel, A., Lange, E., Hoffmann, B., Voss, D., Schlake, T., Thess, A., Kallen, K., Stitz, L. and Kramps, T., 2012. Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection. Nature Biotechnology, 30(12), pp.1210-1216.
  • Polack, F., Thomas, S., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E., Zerbini, C., Bailey, R., Swanson, K., Roychoudhury, S., Koury, K., Li, P., Kalina, W., Cooper, D., Frenck, R., Hammitt, L., Türeci, Ö., Nell, H., Schaefer, A., Ünal, S., Tresnan, D., Mather, S., Dormitzer, P., Şahin, U., Jansen, K. and Gruber, W., 2020. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. New England Journal of Medic
  • Pollard, A., Finn, A. and Curtis, N., 2017. Non- specific effects of vaccines: plausible and potentially important, but implications uncertain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102(11), pp.1077-1081.
  • Rettig, L., Haen, S., Bittermann, A., von Boehmer, L., Curioni, A., Krämer, S., Knuth, A. and Pascolo, S., 2010. Particle size and activation threshold: a new dimension of danger signaling. Blood, 115(22), pp.4533-4541.
  • Sheahan, T., Sims, A., Leist, S., Schäfer, A., Won, J., Brown, A., Montgomery, S., Hogg, A., Babusis, D., Clarke, M., Spahn, J., Bauer, L., Sellers, S., Porter, D., Feng, J., Cihlar, T., Jordan, R., Denison, M. and Baric, R., 2020. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nature Communications, 11(1), p.222.
  • Tanne, J., 2020. Covid-19: FDA panel votes to authorise Pfizer BioNTech vaccine. BMJ, p.m4799
  • Ura, T., Okuda, K. and Shimada, M., 2014. Developments in Viral Vector-Based Vaccines. Vaccines, 2(3), pp.624-641.
  • Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., Xu, M., Shi, Z., Hu, Z., Zhong, W. and Xiao, G., 2020. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research, 30(3), pp.269-271.
  • Who. int. 2021. Draft Landscape Of COVID-19 Candidate Vaccines. [online] Available at: [Accessed 7 January 2021]. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draf t-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines
  • Yamamura, H., Matsuura, H., Nakagawa, J., Fukuoka, H., Domi, H. and Chujoh, S., 2020. Effect of favipiravir and an anti-inflammatory strategy for COVID-19. Critical Care, 24(1), p.413.
  • Ye, M., Fu, D., Ren, Y., Wang, F., Wang, D., Zhang, F., Xia, X. and Lv, T., 2020. Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10), pp.1890-1901.
  • Yilmaz, H., Güner, E. and Altuntas, M., 2020. Results of Favipiravir Combined Treatment in Intensive Care Patients with Covid-19.
  • Zhu, F., Li, Y., Guan, X., Hou, L., Wang, W., Li, J., Wu, S., Wang, B., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Jia, S., Jiang, H., Wang, L., Jiang, T., Hu, Y., Gou, J., Xu, S., Xu, J., Wang, X., Wang, W. and Chen, W., 2020. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open- label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. The Lancet, 395(10240), pp.1845-1854.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Tahir, N., Rehman, A., & Zain, M. (2021). A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19. Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VI(II), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).01

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Tahir, Naiha, Ayema Rehman, and Muhammad Zain. 2021. "A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VI (II): 1-9 doi: 10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).01

HARVARD

    HARVARD : TAHIR, N., REHMAN, A. & ZAIN, M. 2021. A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19. Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VI, 1-9.

MHRA

    MHRA : Tahir, Naiha, Ayema Rehman, and Muhammad Zain. 2021. "A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VI: 1-9

MLA

    MLA : Tahir, Naiha, Ayema Rehman, and Muhammad Zain. "A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VI.II (2021): 1-9 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Tahir, Naiha, Rehman, Ayema, and Zain, Muhammad (2021), "A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19", Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VI (II), 1-9

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Tahir, Naiha, Ayema Rehman, and Muhammad Zain. "A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review VI, no. II (2021): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).01